Textile Mirror

Definition Jute batching is of a simple nature, usually containing only the mineral oil, water and emulsifying agent. An emulsion is an intimate mixture of two immiscible liquids, one dispersed in droplets from inside the other. It has two phases – an external phase and an internal phase. The external phase is the water and internal phase is the mineral oil. Batching oil is normally golden, amber in color and water is colorless, but when the two are mixed as an emulsion, the resultant liquid is milky white.

Definition and Classification of Yarn Yarn: A yarn is an assembly of fibres that are laid or twisted together to form continuous strand. Yarns may be made from either staple fibres or filament fibres. Staple fibres are twisted into yarns, filament fibres need little or no twist to hold them together in yarn. Classification of yarns on the basis of processing:    I.            Carded or Karded yarn.   II.            Combed yarn. III.            Semi-combed yarn.  

Definition, Objects and Necessity of drawframe Draw-frame and Drawing: Carded Slivers are fed into the Draw-Frame and are stretched/ Straightened and made in to a single sliver. Also fibre blending can be done at this stage. At drawing stage, material passes not only one m/c but usually 2, arranged 1 after the other & combined to form a group. Processing in 2 passages is necessary completely to fulfill the requirements. The 2nd passage is often superfluous after combing m/c because then it does not normally generate any improvement in quality.

Definition,Objects and Main operations of Ring spinning Ring spinning: The ring spinning is the most widely used form of spinning machines due to significant advantages in comparison with the new spinning process.   Ring spinning is a method of spinning fibres , such as cotton , flax or wool, to make a yarn. In ring spinning, the roving is the first attenuated by using drawing rollers, then spun and wound around a rotating spindle which in its turn is contained within an independently rotating ring flyer. Traditionally ring frames could only be used for the coarse counts, but they could be attended by semi-skilled labour.

Simplex | Objects and operations of simplex Simplex: In yarn manufacturing system, simplex frame is situated after the comber. The sliver which is produced from the comber that is thicker and it is not suitable to feed into the ring frame directly to produce yarn. For this reason, drawn sliver is treated before entering into the ring frame. The commonly used simplex machine for cotton is flyer frame or speed frame. There are three basic steps in the operation of the roving frame – drafting, twisting and winding. These three basic steps are exactly the same as the basic steps required in spinning.

What is combing? Objects and necessity of combing Definition of Combing The combing process is carried out in order to improve the quality of the sliver coming out of the card. The process eliminates short fibres, it achieves better parallelization of fibres, it straightens curls, and it removes neps and residue impurities. The combing process is essentially aimed at obtaining excellent quality yarns. Depending on what is being produced, waste from combing varies from 12% to 25%, and this can be employed to obtain yarns with a medium-coarse count using the open-end process. So we can say that, the process of straightening parallelizing and the removal of short fibres and impurities by using a comb assisted by brushes and rollers is called combing.

Definition of Carding Carding is the second stage of cotton spinning. It is defined as the reduction of entangled mass of fibres to filmy web by working them between two closely spaced relatively moving surfaces closed with sharp points i.e. wires. The process of using a card (a thistle or teasel) for combing textile fibres . This consists of combing or brushing fibres until they are straightened and placed parallel. For this, the imperfect fibres and other impurities have to be removed. James Hargreaves and Louis Paul were two of the persons concerned with this invention and improvements to carding. Since then, innumerable attempts have been made to improve these machines, but in spite of this and also the latest improvements made, carding remains essentially the same as established nearly 200 years ago.

Blow room: The section where the supplied compressed cotton bale turns into a uniform lap of particular length by opening, cleaning, blending or, mixing is called blow room section. It is the first step of spinning. The section consist a number of different machines used in succession to open and clean the fibres . Objects of blow room: ● Opening- Opening of compressed cotton bales and cotton bales are made into small tufts. ● Cleaning- To eliminate dust, dirt, broken leaf, seed particles, grass and other foreign impurities from the fibre.

Sequence in dyeing factory 1.      Lab- dip preparation. 2.      Lab-dip sending to the buyer. 3.      Order place for bulk production. 4.      Raw material preparation. 5.      Dyeing. 6.      Washing-off. 7.      Softening. 8.      Finishing.

Pretreatment: 1. Control of time, pH, temperature gradient (C/min) 2. Quality control of raw material, chemical, dyestuff etc. 3. Control of machinery (speed, fabric flow rate, water flow rate, gradient of temperature increase (heating) and decrease versus time (cooling down) etc.) 4. Record of all textile preparation condition 5. Alarm for worker to have an attention (machine stoppage, in case of emergency, attention for adding chemicals, attention for designated time)

Washing is one way of cleaning , namely with water and often some kind of soap or detergent . Washing is an essential part of good hygiene . Soaps and detergents assist in the emulsification of oils and dirt particles so they can be washed away. Some washing processes which are mostly used in Textile sector are given below: Commercial Laundering Garment Washing Enzyme Washing Bleaching Fix Wash Silicone Wash Stone Washing Refurbishing

Water is used extensively throughout textile processing operations. Almost all dyes, specialty chemicals, and finishing chemicals are applied to textile substrates from water baths. The amount of water used varies widely in the industry, depending on the specific processes operated at the mill, the equipment used, and the prevailing management philosophy concerning water use.

Quality is an attribute property special factures or the nature, kind or character of something. Quality consists of those product features which meet the need of customers and thereby provide product satisfaction. The European Organization for Quality control Glossary (1941) has given the following definition for quality “The totality of factures and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy a given need”. Quality Control : Control means to check or verify and hence to regulate. Quality control is the checking, verification and regulation of the degree of excellence of an attribute or property of something.

Flax (also known as common flax or linseed ), with the binomial name: Linum usitatissimum is a member of the genus Linum in the family Linaceae . It is a food and fibre crop that is grown in cooler regions of the world. The species is native to the region extending from the eastern Mediterranean , through Western Asia and the Middle East , to India . Textile classification-   ·         The flax fiber is classified, as natural, cellulose, bast, multi-cellular fiber. ·         It is considered to be a heavy fiber, for this reason that most linen textile materials are of light construction. ·         Thick linen textile materials would be uncomfortably heavy to wear.

Jute is a bast fiber used for sacking, burlap, and twine as a backing material for tufted carpets. It is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. It is produced from plants in the genus Corchorus , which was once classified with the family Tiliaceae , more recently with Malvaceae , and has now been reclassified as belonging to the family Sparrmanniaceae . "Jute" is the name of the plant or fiber that is used to make burlap, Hessian or gunny cloth. Jute is one of the most affordable natural fibers and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety of uses of vegetable fibers. Jute fibers are composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose and lignin . It falls into the bast fiber category (fiber collected from bast or skin of the plant) along with kenaf , industrial hemp , flax ( linen ), ramie , etc. The industrial term for jute fiber is raw jute . The fibers are off-white to brown, and 1–4 meters (3–1...

  Silk is the fine strong soft lustrous fiber produced by silkworms. History of the use of silk: The Chinese has used silk since the 27th century B.C.. Silk is mentioned by Aristotle and became a valuable commodity both in Greece and Rome. During the Roman Empire, silk was sold for its weight in gold. The Chinese domesticated silk worms and fed them with mulberry leaves. They unwound the silkworms' cocoons to produce long strands of silk fiber.

Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and certain other animals, including cashmere from goats , mohair from goats, qiviut from muskoxen , angora from rabbits , and other types of wool from camelids . [1] Wool has several qualities that distinguish it from hair or fur: it is crimped , it is elastic , and it grows in staples (clusters). [2] While in the United States the term wool is usually restricted to describing the fibrous protein derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles in sheep , in the UK the term may be used of any long curling fiber such as wood wool , wire wool , etc.

Cotton fiber is a cellulosic fiber. It has worldwide popularity for its variety of use. Cotton fiber is the most used fibers for producing various types of fabric through all over the world. Cotton Fabrics are comfortable to wear than the other fibers product. It is comfort to wear in all the season. Like all the textile fibers, cotton has its own physical and chemical properties which are required to know for better processing in spinning , weaving , knitting , dyeing , printing as well as finishing . Here, I have written about physical and chemical properties of cotton fiber.

Additive Theory (Based on Electronic Color) Subtractive Theory (Based on Pigment Color) Additive Theory   The Additive, or light theory deals with radiated and filtered light. ·         Black radiates no light ·         White (sun) radiates all light Video is the process of capturing and radiating light, therefore it uses Additive (Light) theory not Subtractive (Pigment) theory.